Los descuentos o exclusiones por mejoras: sustitución o reparación
Ya tratamos un poco este tema en otro post, pero vale la pena recalcar este concepto. Mejorar algo es aumentar su valor, y por ende, su precio. Incrementar su utilidad, calidad, diseño o rendimiento por citar algunos ejemplos.
Se puede mejorar una motocicleta sustituyéndole los amortiguadores por unos de mejores. Un automóvil dotándolo de un sistema de navegación y multimedia mejor. Una vivienda reformándola con parqué de mejor calidad o unos estucados mejores en sus acabados interiores. Pero ¿cambiar una puerta por otra de similares o idénticas características a la preexistente es una mejora? Rotundamente no.
La reparación o la sustitución
Cuando se producen daños materiales sobre las cosas, éstas pueden repararse y dejarse tal y como estaban en el momento anterior al accidente. Hay ocasiones en las que eso no puede repararse o, pudiéndose reparar, la reparación resultará más cara que no sustituir el bien por otro de similares o idénticas características. En este caso se suele sustituir.
El otras ocasiones la reparación sólo resolverá la incidencia por un tiempo relativamente corto, por lo que seguramente reincidirá un accidente por ese mismo sitio.
Por tanto y en cada caso se deberá obrar en su justa medida, reparando o sustituyendo el bien por algo similar o idéntico para dejarlo como antes del accidente.
Las cosas viejas
En muchas ocasiones hay cosas viejas no pueden repararse o su reparación es previsible que traigan problemas a corto plazo. En esos casos debe sustituirse el tramo o parte dañada, dejando el resto como antes.
Un ejemplo son la sustitución de las antiguas tuberías de fibrocemento o de traída de agua de acero. Las tuberías de fibrocemento rompen al cabo de los años, y obviamente se reparan a modo de sustituir el tramo roto. Pero el problema está en que en la actualidad ya no se fabrican. ¿Sustituir un codo es una mejora? Rotundamente no. Cambiar un codo respecto a una instalación entera no supone ninguna mejora. La mejora sería cambiar toda la instalación.
Otro ejemplo sería la sustitución de un amortiguador de un automóvil por otro idéntico. No supone ninguna mejora. Lo que sí puede haber es un demérito, pero no una mejora.
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El lucro
Obviamente una mejora representa un lucro ya que hay un aumento de valor. La cuestión es saber si esa presunta reparación o sustitución representa un lucro. La respuesta es que si esa intervención no representa un aumento de valor del conjunto, eso no lo podemos considerar como una mejora.
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